Pattern |
Morphemes |
Description |
Examples
|
1a i a
|
*(a/i/o/u(C))(d/p/t/w/y) |
*wb/*yb before *ui; unchanged otherwise |
urup (organ); sẽrt (late); nây (dog)
|
1a i b
|
*nd |
*n before (a/e/i/o)d or consonants other than d/h/l/m/r/w; *nng before l-initial root or h/m; unchanged before -l clitic or other morphemes |
gaund + ad → gaunad (at a relative); gaund + truz → gauntruz (family)
|
1a i c
|
tueld |
tuel before Vd or consonants other than d/h/r/w; unchanged otherwise (Verb: Give Birth) |
tueld + aid → tuelaid (born)
|
1a ii a
|
*m |
*mb before Vm; unchanged otherwise (unless 1a ii b or 1d) |
molom + emek → molombemek (with the help of the ointment)
|
1a ii b
|
anim- |
animen- before d/*r; animb- before emek or ui*; animer- before all other roots; unchanged before -é, -iebe, -erije, -ade, &c. plus complex plurals and case suffixoids (Noun: Anime) |
|
1a iii a
|
*(a/au/ea/i/o/oa/ou)n / -eun |
*Vng before aun/ean/in/oan/oun; *mmb before -iēn/ui*; unchanged otherwise (unless 1d) |
mobilun + int → mobilungint (in a car); Nihaun + iēn → Nihaummbiēn (Japanese person)
|
1a iii b
|
-un- |
-une(s) after consonant-initial roots; un' before vowel-initial roots; une(s) before consonant-initial imports; un'/unes before vowel-initial imports (indf — a/an/some). If followed by a case, use 1a iii a |
- mobilune(s) (a car/some cars)
- traseangune(s) (a sewer/some sewers)
- un'abechude(s) (an alphabet/some alphabets)
- un'animé/unes animé (an anime/some anime)
- une Biden (a Biden relative)
|
1b i
|
*CVl |
*Vŕ before morphemes with l as second or later letter; *Vlb before ui*; unchanged otherwise, or see 1b ii |
tanul → tanuŕ (study)
|
1b ii
|
*rVl |
*rVnn before morphemes with l as second or later letter; *rVlb before ui*; unchanged otherwise, or use 2b i/2b ii |
porul + ealb → porunnealb (sbj defines); porul + tanul → porunntanul (lexicology)
|
1b iii
|
nal- |
Unchanged before l, and (unless second or later letter is l) b, h, or vowels; otherwise naŕ- (neg — Negation) |
- nal + biv → nalbiv- (does not exist)
- nal + lez → nallez- (does not read)
- nal + eriv → naleriv- (does not remove)
- nal + v → naŕv- (does not go)
- nal + boul- → naŕboul- (does not need)
|
1b iv
|
*Cl |
*Cŕi (consonant-initial) or *Cŕ (vowel-initial) before morphemes with l as second or later letter; *Cli before rest of consonant-initials; unchanged otherwise, or see 1b iv |
boukl → boukŕi/boukŕ/boukli (shield)
|
1b v
|
*rl |
*rŕ before morphemes with l as second or later letter; *rlb before ui*; unchanged otherwise |
nẽrl → nẽrŕ (teach); parl → parŕ (speak)
|
1c i a
|
*Vr |
*Vrb before Vr*/ui*; unchanged otherwise |
todir + erivat → todirberivat (sbj deletes analyses)
|
1c i b
|
noshor |
Unchanged if preceded by r, ś, w, x, or another n; oshor after all other letters in compounds; *oshorg before Vr*/ui* (Suffixoid: -core) |
ouram + noshor → ouramoshor (cottagecore)
|
1c ii
|
*Cr |
*Cri before consonants; *Crin before Vr* (but not aur); *Crob before ui*; unchanged otherwise |
loutr → loutri (otter)
|
1d
|
*gm/*gn / *sm/*sn |
*CCi before consonants; *CCob before ui*; unchanged otherwise |
- sign → signi (swan)
- giesm → giesmi (sing)
|
1e i
|
*sp |
*spoṛ before b/ch/d/f/g/j/k/s/v/z; *spo before m/n; unchanged otherwise |
kloasp + kuem → kloaspoṛkuem (...than/as the skunk); kloasp + nand → kloasponand (as a skunk)
|
1e ii
|
*st |
*stoṛ before s/z; *sor before d/f/g/j/v; *ss before b/ch/h/k/l/m/n/p; unchanged otherwise |
fest + potal → fesorpotal (instead of the party)
|
1f i
|
*ft/*pt |
*Ctoṛ before b/ch/d/f/g/j/k/m/n/p/v; unchanged otherwise |
boft + kuem → boftoṛkuem (...than/as weaving)
|
1f ii
|
*kt |
*ktoṛ before b/ch/d/f/g/j/k/p/v; unchanged otherwise |
prêfekt + kuem → prêfektoṛkuem (...than/as the prefect)
|
1g i
|
-l- |
-lé(s) after b/f/g/k/l/p/r/v and -ous in consonant-initial forms; -ile(s) after ch/d/h/j/m/n/t/w/y/z; l' before vowels; le(s)/louse before consonant-initial imports and underdotted terms; l'/lous'/les before animé and vowel-initial imports (def — the) |
- taublé(s) (the tub[s])
- houbenouslé (the two highways)
- mobil(ous)lé(s) (the car[s]/the two cars)
- l'obène(s)/l'obenouse (the house[s]/the two houses)
- l'èbe(s)/l'ebouse (the baby/babies; the two babies)
- le(s)/louse kasinọ (the casino[s]/the two casinos)
- le(s)/louse guãrbạ (the guava[s]/the two guavas)
- le(s)/louse Biden (Biden, the President/the Biden family/the two Biden relatives)
- l'animé/lous'animé/les animé (the anime/the two anime)
|
1g ii
|
m- |
mi before consonants; unchanged before vowels. See also 9d ii (1 — I/we/me/us) |
miprin (about me); mesil (from/by me)
|
1g iii
|
t- |
ti before consonants; unchanged before vowels, r, or w (2.fam — you) |
tiprin (about you); tesil (from/by you)
|
1g iv
|
v- |
vi before consonants; unchanged before vowels, r, or w (Verb: Go) |
vipotal (instead of going); varde (voyage)
|
2a i a
|
*Ce(d/p/t/w/y) |
*èC before -e; unchanged otherwise |
ed → ède (young); ekuindet → ekuindète (pony); tey → tèye (tea)
|
2a i b i
|
*ie(d/p/t/y) |
See 1a i a |
labritoriete (laboratory)
|
2a i b ii
|
*iē(d/p/t/w/y) |
*ièC before -e; unchanged otherwise |
|
2a i c
|
*ue(d/p/t/w/y) |
No changes |
puey (coil); duet (digit)
|
2a ii a
|
*Cem |
*Cèm before -e; otherwise 1a ii a |
süottem + emek → süottembemek (with the help of the first one); süottem → süottème (the first one)
|
2a ii b i
|
*iem |
See 1a ii a |
ditrieme (time of day)
|
2a ii b ii
|
*iēm |
*ièm before -e; otherwise 1a ii a |
dīem → dième (day)
|
2a ii c
|
*uem |
See 1a ii a |
puem (divided by)
|
2a iii a i
|
*Cen |
*Cèn before -e; otherwise 1a iii a |
oben + int → obengint (in the house); oben → obène (house)
|
2a iii a ii
|
tousen |
Contracted to -ous- in dual nouns (du — Dual Interfix) |
fraul (spouse) + tousen → fraultousène (married couple) → fraulouse (husband and wife)
|
2a iii b
|
-iēn |
-ièn before -e; otherwise 1a iii a (Personal Agent Nouns) |
biviēn → biviène (being)
|
2a iii c i
|
*uen |
See 1a iii a |
tuen (full/complete)
|
2a iii c ii
|
*uēn |
*uèn before -e; otherwise 1a iii a |
keruēn → keruène (caravan)
|
2b i
|
*Cel |
*Cèl before -e; otherwise 1b i or 2b ii |
boursel (purse) → boursèle; boursel + eld (old) → bourseŕeld (old purse)
|
2b ii
|
*rel |
*rèl before -e; *renn before morphemes where (L >= 2) = l; rëC before consonant; unchanged otherwise |
astrel → astrenn/astrèle (star); astrel + lorg → astrellorg (searching for the stars)
|
2b iii a
|
*iel |
*ieŕ before morphemes where (L >= 2) = l; *ielb before ui*; *iennd before d; unchanged otherwise |
amiel → amieŕ (substance)
|
2b iii b
|
*iēl |
*ièl before -e; *iērn before morphemes where (L >= 2) = l; *iēlb before ui*; unchanged otherwise |
ziēl → zièle/ziērn- (sky/Heaven)
|
2b iv a
|
*uel |
*ueŕ before morphemes where (L >= 2) = l; *uelb before ui*; unchanged otherwise |
vuel → vueŕ (to run)
|
2b iv b
|
*uēl |
*uèl before -e; *uērn before morphemes where (L >= 2) = l; *uēlb before ui*; unchanged otherwise |
feuēl → feuèle/feuērn- (fuel)
|
2c i a i
|
*Cer |
*Cèr before -e; otherwise 1c i a |
voaser + eriv → voaserberiv- (removing letters); voasère (letter)
|
2c i a ii
|
ver- |
No changes (rvt) |
|
2c i a iii
|
*Cẽr |
See 1c i a |
kansẽr + eriv → kansẽrberiv- (removing cancer); kansẽre (cancer)
|
2c i b i
|
*(b/d/f/g/k/p/t/v/w)er |
*Cèr before -e; *Cerb before Vr/ui*/-ard; *Cr before -a/-o or other vowel-initial bigrams; unchanged before consonants or -ar |
- tiger → tigro/tigra/tigère; tiger + ed → tigrède (tiger cub); tiger + eriv → tigerberiv- (eradicating tigers); tiger + proxim → tigerproxim (near the tiger)
- êlekter → êlektère (electronic device); êlekter + iz → êlektrizar (electricify); êlekter + eriv → êlekterberiv- (removing electricity); êlekter + proxim → êlekterproxim (near the electric device)
|
2c i b ii
|
*s(k/p/t)er |
*sCèr before -e; *sCerb before Vr/ui*/-ard; *sCr before -a/-o or other vowel-initial bigrams; unchanged before consonants, dual/plural suffixes, morphemes where (L >= 2) = s, or -ar |
sugaisker → sugaiskerouse (two gynecologists) / sugaiskro/sugaiskra (male/female gynecologist) / sugaiskeros/sugaiskeras (male/female gynecologists); sugaiskerisim (we are gynecologists)
|
2c i b iii
|
*(b/d/f/g/k/p/t/v/w)ẽr |
*Cẽrb before Vr/ui*/-ard; *Cr before -a/-o or other vowel-initial bigrams; unchanged before consonants or -ar |
ministẽr → ministẽre/ministro/ministra (minister); ministẽr + ẽrgim → ministẽrbẽrgim (because of the minster); ministẽr + ad → ministrad (at the minister's); ministẽr + proxim → ministẽrproxim (near the minister)
|
2c ii
|
-iēr |
-ièr before -e; otherwise 1c i a (Agent Nouns) |
neuviēr + orz → neuviērgorz (reference work's); neuviēr → neuvière (reference work)
|
2c iii
|
*oēr |
-oèr before -e; otherwise 1c i a |
moēr → moère (fastening nut)
|
2c iv
|
*uer |
See 1c i a |
duer + erije → duerberije (a romantic lover of...)
|