Grammar:Umlaut morphemes
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Several dozen morphemes in Tovasala have their final consonants mutate into the next letter they come into contact with in compound formations. In doing so, they place umlauts on their first vowel, or the first unaccented one (if the first vowel carries an acute accent). Since ch cannot double, an n replaces the root's last letter where applicable.
Morpheme | Mutated form | Meaning | Next letter (Doubles/Turns into...) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | ch | d | f | g | j | k | l | m | n | p | r | s | t | v | z | |||
bb | nch | dd | ff | gg | jj | kk | ll | mm | nn | pp | rr | ss | tt | vv | zz | |||
Regular | ||||||||||||||||||
abod | äbo- | place, locale | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★[1] | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ||
ad | ä- | at, to (dat/loc) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★[1] | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ (-ns) | ★ | ★[2] | ★ (-nz) | ||
-aid- | -äi- | -ed/-d/-en/-t (pst.ptcp) | ★ | ★ (-s/-r) | ★ | ★ (-r) | ★ (-r) | ★ (-s) | ★ (-s) | ★ (-s) | ★ (-s) | ★ (-s) | ★ (-s) | ★ (-s) | ★ (-r) | ★ (-z) | ||
-ant | -än- | -ing (prog) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | |||||
*ard | -är- | 1,000,000x (with numbers); aug (with other roots) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★[1] | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ (-ns) | ★ | ★ | ★ (-nz) | ||
-asant | -äsan- | still -ing (cont) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | |||||
ault | äul- | above, high (alt) | ★ | ★ (-s) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ (-p) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ||
aup | äu- | toward(s) (all) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | |||
dijit | dïji- | digital, digi- | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ||
emek | ëme- | with the help of, by means of (instr) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ (-s) | ★ | ★ | |||||
gigal | gïga- | giga- | ★ | [3] | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | |
hîdrol | hîdrö- | water, hydro- | ★ | [3] | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | |
int | ïn- | in (ine) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | |||||
jout | jöu- | sudden, unexpectedly | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ||
megal- | mëga- | mega- | ★ | [3] | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | |
mîkrol | mîkrö- | micro- | ★ | [3] | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | |
nanol | näno- | nano- | ★ | [3] | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | |
nem- | në- | un-, non- (neg) | ★ | |||||||||||||||
noard | nöar- | north (↑) | ★ | ★ (-r) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ (-r) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ||
ond | ön- | without; -less (abe) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | |||||
orz | -ör- | 's, of... (gen.al) | ★ | (orśch) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | (orśk) | (orśm) | (orśn) | (orśp) | (orśs) | (orśt) | ★ | |||
-ouz | -öu- | cplx.du | ★ | (ouśch) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | (ouśk) | (ouśm) | (ouśn) | (ouśp) | (ouśs) | (ouśt) | ★ | |||
oz | -ö- | 's, of... (gen) | ★ | (ośch) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | (ośk) | (ośm) | (ośn) | (ośp) | (ośs) | (ośt) | ★ | |||
pental | pënta- | peta- | ★ | [3] | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | |
*rel | rë- | re-, again | ★ | [3] | ★ | ★[4] | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | |
seb | së- | self, auto- (rflx) | ★ | ★ | ★ | |||||||||||||
suiv | süi- | next (in sequence) | (suiɓb) | (suiƒch) | (suiɗd) | (suiƒf) | (suiɠg) | (suiʝj) | (suiƙk) | ★ | ★ | (suiþp) | (suiƒs) | (suiƒt) | (suiƒz) | |||
tasiv | täsi- | accidentally, by accident, unintentionally | (tasiɓb) | (tasiƒch) | (tasiɗd) | (tasiƒf) | (tasiɠg) | (tasiʝj) | (tasiƙk) | ★ | ★ | (tasiþp) | (tasiƒs) | (tasiƒt) | (tasiƒz) | |||
telev | tële- | from distant source; tele- | (téleɓb) | (téleƒch) | (téleɗd) | (téleƒf) | (téleɠg) | (téleʝj) | (téleƙk) | ★ | ★ | (téleþp) | (téleƒs) | (téleƒt) | (téleƒz) | |||
tout | töu- | all, every, entire, complete, omni- | ★ (-r) | ★ (-r) | ★ (-r) | ★ (-r) | ★ (-r) | ★ (-r) | ★ (-r) | ★ (-r) | ★ (-r) | ★ (-r) | ★ (-r) | ★ (-r) | ★ (-r) | ★ (-r) | ||
tranz | trän- | through (an object or place), via (a communications medium) (prol) | ★ | (tranśch) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | (tranśk) | (tranśm) | (tranśn) | (tranśp) | (tranśs) | (vuiśt) | ★ | |||
tug | tü- | out(side) (exe) | ★ | ★ (-r) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | |||||
-uez | -üe- | cplx.pl (after b/d/f/g/k/p/t/v/z) | ★ | (ueśch) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | (ueśk) | (ueśm) | (ueśn) | (ueśp) | (ueśs) | (ueśt) | ★ | |||
-(b)uit | -(b)üi- | intf | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | |||
vasit | väsi- | on purpose, deliberately, intentionally | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ (-n) | ★ | ★ (-n) | ||
voab | vöa- | word | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ (-s) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ (-n/-s) | ★ (-n/-s) | ★ | ★ | |||
voard | vöar- | true, real, fact, genuine | ★ | ★ (-r) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ (-r) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ||
vuiz | vüir- | previous (in sequence) | ★ | (vuiśch) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | (vuiśk) | (vuiśm) | (vuiśn) | (vuiśp) | (vuiśs) | (vuiśt) | ★ | |||
Numbers | ||||||||||||||||||
kuãrt | käu- | 4 | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ||
kilog | kïlo- | 1000 | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ||||
kiloiz- | kïloi- | 1000x + n | — | — | ★ | — | – | — | (kiloiśk) | — | — | (kiloiśn) | — | — | (kiloiśs) | (kiloiśt) | — | — |
seiz- | sëi- | 100x + n | — | — | ★ | — | — | — | (seiśk) | — | — | (seiśn) | — | — | — | — | — | — |
sent | sën- | 100 | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | |||||
siez | sïe- | 6 | ★ | (sieśch) | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | (sieśk) | (sieśm) | (sieśn) | (sieśp) | (sieśs) | (sieśt) | ★ | |||
trig | trï- | 3 | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ||||
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