Grammar:Words and phrases

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◀ Precision Grammar of Tovasala:
Words and phrases
Sample texts ▶

(10)

Note Note:
This section is based on Mathews (1909):281-284, whose contents have been localised and updated for the Tovasala grammar. Several less audience-friendly terms mentioned in the original article, as well as some obscure ones, have been omitted here.

What follows below adheres to the principle stated by Mathews in his introduction to the word list of Dhudhuroa, a now-extinct Aboriginal language of Australia:

Words of a similar kind are placed under similar headings, in the hope that this classification will be found more convenient for reference than if arranged in alphabetic sequence. It is the equivalence of English words which will be most frequently required and therefore they are placed first.

General vocabulary

Articles

  • le/lo/la, les/los/las – the (def.)
  • une/uno/una – a/an (indf. sg.)
  • unes/unos/unas – some (indf. pl.)

Pronouns

Personal

  • /mo/ma – I
  • mié/mio/mia – me
  • més/mos/mas – we
  • miés/mios/mias – us
  • /to/ta – you (fam. sg. sbj.)
  • tié/tio/tia – you (fam. sg. obj.)
  • tés/tos/tas – you (fam. pl. sg.)
  • tiés/tios/tias – you (fam. pl. obj.)
  • usté/usto/usta – you (frml. sg. sbj.)
  • ustié/ustio/ustia – you (frml. sg. obj.)
  • ustés/ustos/ustas – you (frml. pl. sbj.)
  • ustiés/ustios/ustias – you (frml. pl. obj.)
  • lumo – he
  • lumio – him
  • luma – she
  • lumia – her
  • lumé – it (sbj.)
  • lumié – it (obj.)
  • lumés/lumos/lumas – they
  • lumiés/lumios/lumias – them

Possessive

  • inimi/oanimi/aunimi – my
  • insimi/oansimi/aunsimi – our
  • initi/oaniti/auniti – your (fam. sg.)
  • insiti/oansiti/aunsiti – your (fam. pl.)
  • inuti/oanuti/aunuti – your (frml. sg.)
  • insuti/oansuti/aunsuti – your (frml. pl.)
  • oanili – his
  • aunili – her
  • inili – its
  • insili/oansili/aunsili – their

Indirect

  • madé/mado/mada – me
  • madés/mados/madas – us
  • tadé/tado/tada – you (fam. sg.)
  • tadés/tados/tadas – you (fam. pl.)
  • ustadé/ustado/ustada – you (frml. sg.)
  • ustadés/ustados/ustadas – you (frml. pl.)
  • lumado – him
  • lumada – her
  • lumadé – it
  • lumadés/lumados/lumadas – them

Relative/Interrogative

  • jesène, kesène – what (sbj.)
  • jesenie, kesenie – what (obj.)
  • ineaje, ineake – whose (inanim.)
  • jiène/jiēno/jiēna, kiène/kieno/kiena – who
  • jiēnie/jiēnio/jiēnia, kienie/kienio/kienia – whom
  • inweaje/inweajo/inweaja, inweake/inweako/inweaka – whose (anim.)

Demonstrative

  • esine/esino/esina – this
  • esane/esano/esana – that
  • esaune/esauno/esauna – yon

Verbs

  • bar – to be, to exist
  • var – to go, to travel
  • aigar – to do, to act
  • inzar – to cause
  • orjar – to force (upon an entity)
  • tenar – to have, to hold
  • zolar – to own, to possess
  • obrar – to give
  • poadar – to offer, to propose
  • dostar – to get, to obtain, to acquire, to fetch
  • borgar – to borrow
  • borginzar – to lend
  • veyar – to see, to watch, to look (at)
  • audar – to hear, to listen
  • pomar – to smell
  • toagar – to touch (active/SVO), to feel (passive/OVS)
  • gustar – to taste
  • dezar – to say
  • addezar – to tell (someone)
  • parlar – to speak
  • krivar – to cry, to shout
  • molitar – to pray
  • mujalar – to honour, to praise
  • giesmar – to sing
  • vieslar – to whistle
  • jautar – to ask
  • verjautar – to answer, to reply, to respond
  • prositar – to beg
  • lezar – to read
  • skribar – to write
  • geplar – to type
  • hendar – to walk
  • vuelar – to run
  • danzar – to dance
  • sautar – to jump
  • voalar – to fly
  • sliedar – to slide
  • sliepar – to slip
  • slievar – to slither
  • plaunjar – to dive
  • noagelar – to swim
  • streavar – to climb
  • äulvvar – to rise, to go up, to ascend
  • toambar – to fall
  • ulemvar – to descend, to go down, to sink
  • rester – to stay
  • shimar – to put upon a surface, to place something on
  • insmar – to put inside, to insert
  • prendar – to take
  • poartar – to carry, to bring
  • bemar – to buy
  • proadar – to sell
  • mandar – to send
  • aimar – to love, to adore
  • odiemar – to hate, to detest
  • aubogar – to support, to advocate
  • opoamar – to oppose
  • vevar – to live, to be alive
  • moartar – to die
  • nendar – to add
  • moinar – to subtract, to take out, to reduce, to decrase, to mitigate
  • puemar – to divide, to split
  • razar – to multiply, to copy, to duplicate, to imitate
  • otrizar – to change, to alter
  • erivar – to erase, to delete, to wipe out, to trash
  • premar – to start, to begin, to commence
  • pauzar – to pause, to stop
  • teruzar – to continue, to resume
  • fuindar – to finish, to end, to conclude
  • aubelar – to cease ([doing] an action) completely
  • aisomar – to accomplish, to fulfill
  • aistar – to make, to produce
  • teremar – to yield
  • lanzar – to throw
  • doalar – to hurt, to harm, to injure, to damage, to ruin
  • verdoalar – to fix, to repair
  • yẽrtar – to hit, to beat, to slap, to strike
  • taugar – to break
  • gontar – to chop
  • hildar – to fight
  • kuibar – to steal
  • stauzar – to hunt, to chase, to pursue, to follow
  • paufar – to shoot (at)
  • moarzar – to kill, to murder
  • moarjar – to execute
  • progontar – to persecute, to discriminate
  • kastigar – to punish, to scold, to chastise
  • lamprar – to lead, to guide
  • kuendar – to drive (transportation)
  • nimelar – to control
  • gomar – to hide, to conceal
  • vergomar – to reveal, to expose
  • podalar – to stand (up)
  • duekar – to sit
  • doarmar – to sleep
  • hoalmar – to dream
  • velmar – to strive, to aspire, to aim for
  • lorgar – to look for, to search for, to seek
  • trouvar – to find
  • sauvar – to save, to rescue, to deliver from
  • pogar – to try
  • prouvar – to prove, to verify
  • houlaumar – to succeed
  • houlịmar – to fail
  • joalinzar – to improve, to ameliorate
  • joalausmar – to improve (by oneself), to get/become better
  • malinzar – to worsen (something), to deteriorate (something), to botch up
  • malausmar – to worsen (by oneself), to deteriorate (by oneself), to get/become worse
  • sabar – to know
  • penzar – to think
  • chembar – to forget
  • verchembar – to remember
  • spirar – to breathe
  • suflaistar – to blow
  • flerar – to cry/shed tears, to weep, to sob
  • suigar – to suck (up)
  • soustar – to bite
  • cholgar – to spit
  • puxelar – to vomit, to throw up
  • soamar – to make love (to), to copulate (with), to mate (with)
  • tuelar – to give birth, to bear children
  • puadar – to hug, to embrace
  • suavar – to kiss
  • luzar – to shine
  • zigindar – to shake
  • wulobar – to shiver

Adjectives

  • joali – good
  • mali – bad, evil
  • froli – happy, joyful
  • triesti – sad, unhappy
  • beni – well
  • osivi – sick
  • broigi – angry
  • kruli – cruel
  • nultanti – greedy, excessive
  • grandi – big, large, huge
  • aubimi – small
  • mîkroli – tiny
  • aulti – high, up
  • ulemi – low, down
  • proximi – near
  • proxami – far
  • proxaumi – beyond
  • dolshimi – short in distance
  • dolshaumi – long in distance
  • aulxaumi – tall (in height)
  • tueni – full, complete, whole
  • aibemi – equal
  • oidi, ausiki – similar
  • otri - different
  • ondi – empty, barren
  • hintugi, hantugi – absent
  • jouti – sudden, unexpected
  • vasiti – deliberate, intentional
  • tasivi – accidental
  • tezaumi – fast, quick
  • tezimi – slow
  • foarti – strong
  • troafi – weak
  • veyondi – blind
  • fuostondi – deaf
  • hendondi – lame
  • vasimi – tired, weary, sleepy
  • hugeli – brave, courageous
  • foabeuzi – afraid, scared, fearful
  • duinzi – right, correct
  • zuindi – wrong, incorrect
  • voardi – true, genuine
  • seudi – false, fake
  • grasaumi – fat, thick, dense
  • grasimi – lean, thin, meagre, sparse
  • joami – pregnant, with child
  • houlaumi – successful
  • houlịmi – unsuccessful, failed
  • velmi – ambitious, aspiring, zealous
  • huviti – interested, eager
  • vali – worthy
  • vervali – worthless, good-for-nothing

Adverbs

  • hinadu – here
  • hanadu – there
  • haunadu – yonder, over there
  • -evoir – even, especially

Colours

  • roube – red
  • blouve – blue
  • flauvé – yellow
  • rogèle – green
  • roubblouve – purple
  • flambule – orange
  • roubeusmé – pink
  • broute – brown
  • shoule – white
  • noule – black

Family terms

  • aumbré – human
  • aumbro – man
  • aumbra – woman
  • èbe – baby, newborn
  • ebo/eba – baby boy/girl
  • ède – youngster, kid, tyke, lad
  • edo – boy
  • eda – girl
  • eshoande – teenager, adolescent
  • eshoando/eshoanda – teenage boy/girl
  • eushèle – adult, grownup
  • eushelo/eushela – man/woman (of any species)
  • elde – old person, elder, senior
  • eldo/elda – old man/old lady
  • gaunde – relative
  • gauntruze – family
  • fraule – spouse
  • fraulo – husband
  • fraula – wife
  • riānte – parent
  • riānto – father, dad
  • riānta – mother, mom
  • tepriānte – grandparent
  • tepriānto – grandfather, granddad
  • tepriānta – grandmother, grandma
  • odré – child, offspring, progeny
  • odro – son
  • odra - daughter
  • siblé – sibling
  • siblo – brother
  • sibla – sister
  • siblodré – nibling
  • siblodro – nephew
  • siblodra – niece
  • riāblé – parent's sibling
  • riāblo/riābla – aunt/uncle
  • riābore – cousin
  • riāblodro/riāblodra – male/female cousin
  • fraulriānte – parent-in-law
  • fraulriānto – father-in-law
  • fraulriānta – mother-in-law
  • fraunnsiblé – sibling-in-law
  • fraunnsiblo – brother-in-law
  • fraunnsibla – sister-in-law
  • tiōle/tiōlo/tiōla – friend
  • duertiōle – significant other
  • duertiōlo – boyfriend
  • duertiōla – girlfriend

Body parts

  • tũrgene – body
  • yovèle – bone
  • gorane – blood
  • nũrite - nerve
  • mausèle – muscle
  • urupe – organ
  • kuarbe – skin
  • tuede – head
  • toloƒtuede – forehead
  • kromèle – beard
  • veyrupe – eye
  • pomrupe – nose
  • luvande – neck
  • trakèle – throat
  • fuairupe – ear
  • mankrupe – mouth
  • sourupe – tooth
  • geurupe – tongue
  • suavrupe – lip
  • foaraxe – chest
  • mubré – bosom, mammae
  • mindrạ – navel
  • staumake – stomach, belly, tummy
  • jurèke – heart
  • peumaune – lungs
  • peumaune – liver
  • volote – back
  • voaleande – wing (of a bird or bat)
  • jasène – arm, limb
  • guvote – elbow
  • spạdange – shoulder
  • mène – hand
  • troade – leg
  • aulttroade – thigh
  • gaskote – calf
  • jenoule – knee
  • chevile – ankle
  • kuode – foot
  • hiele – heel
  • jirite – digit
  • menjirite – finger
  • kuodjirite – toe
  • trèpe – tail (of an animal)
  • muge – bottom
  • kale – excrement

Natural world

Entities

  • Tairoke – nature, ecosystem
  • Taire – Earth
  • Solé – the Sune
  • Loune – the Moon
  • zièle – sky
  • laufe – air
  • lausaire – atmosphere
  • astrèle – star
  • hîdrole – water
  • brulière – fire
  • fumé – smoke
  • holège – shadow
  • humine – ground, soil
  • toapé – stone
  • saiblé – sand
  • brullesmé – lava

Landforms

  • poaldère – polder
  • rovine – plain
  • aultrovine – plateau
  • lofé – hill
  • lofarde – mountain
  • vaulkène – volcano
  • falaife – cliff

Weather

  • framzère – weather
  • vepaumi – hot
  • vepimi – cold
  • vepami – warm
  • suflé – wind
  • kamège – storm
  • trumèle – thunder
  • trumelluze – lightning
  • sîgloane – tropical cyclone, hurricane, typhoon)
  • ziēlvoraune – tornado, twister
  • pleuve – rain
  • pleuvète – shower
  • tuarène – fog
  • nivinde – snow
  • donyaidète – frost
  • hoagèle – hail
  • onikkũrve – rainbow

Living things

Animals

  • zouvère – animal
  • tuere – creature
  • tuerède – cub, whelp (of mammals); chick (of birds)

Mammals

  • mubriftuere – mammal
  • nâye – dog
  • loupe – wolf
  • vaulpé – fox
  • zẽrde – fennec
  • dingonte – dingo
  • nèke – cat
  • simbale – lion
  • tigère – tiger
  • dumale – cheetah
  • balame – jaguar
  • youlande – genet
  • rodente – rodent
  • tuebe – mouse
  • duaile – rat
  • krisèle – hamster
  • poargé – guinea pig
  • prauskũre – squirrel
  • voalprauskũre – flying squirrel
  • jidale – chipmunk
  • sinome – prairie dog
  • aurvikole – water vole
  • herisone – hedgehog
  • hustrike – porcupine
  • sorèxe – shrew
  • kloaspé – skunk
  • bausone – badger
  • gulove – wolverine
  • dubime – bear
  • chusèle – panda
  • laprène – rabbit
  • gulèpe – hare
  • sibande – raccoon
  • loutré – otter
  • mostèle – weasel
  • miegale – ferret
  • boavé – cattle
  • boavo – bull
  • boava – cow
  • bufale – buffalo
  • kabrite – goat
  • ovile – sheep
  • puerché – pig, swine
  • chirote – bat
  • hafile – elephant
  • protève – primate
  • simiane – monkey
  • pifike – ape
  • chimpanzê – chimpanzee
  • orangutane – orangutan
  • kangaroune – kangaroo
  • waularoune – wallaroo
  • waulabine – wallaby
  • makrote – bilby
  • kuokale – quokka
  • koale – koala
  • manikoule – North American opossum
  • diluge – Australian possum
  • yagule – bandicoot
  • daurumbé – kangaroo rat

Birds

  • noave – bird
  • poale – chicken
  • koulombe – dove
  • pijaune – pigeon
  • hiraunde – swallow
  • jaurike – pelican
  • signé – swan
  • koarvé – crow
  • soroké – magpie
  • aguile – eagle
  • kurule – crane
  • blouvnoave – bluebird
  • noulnoave – blackbird
  • lipsnèle – robin
  • ordèke – duck
  • nẽrlèke – goose
  • murove – ostrich
  • gourane – curlew
  • miōure – emu
  • choike – rhea
  • kiwine – kiwi
  • kasuāire – cassowary
  • kaukạtọuve – cockatoo
  • suarive – parrot
  • baujerigé – budgerigar

Fishes

  • vueme – fish
  • chafoine – sardine
  • pajaule – shark
  • joroune – tuna
  • penfrèle – cod

Reptiles

  • reptile – reptile, scalie
  • nakauze – snake
  • lusẽrte – lizard
  • gekone – gecko
  • lieguané – iguana

Invertebrates

  • zuzelke – insect
  • pagite – larva
  • mouché – housefly
  • chitime – mosquito
  • lapale – louse
  • chapoale – grasshopper
  • maŕchapoale – locust
  • sënkkuode – centipede
  • kilökkuode – millipede
  • pilipale – butterfly
  • pilipagite – caterpillar
  • eskargé – snail
  • lesmé – slug
  • magère – spider
  • liōngote – scorpion

Plants

  • plante – plant
  • poazène – grass
  • flũre – flower
  • tovale – weed
  • yeronbe – currant
  • wũrite – peppermint

Trees

  • aibũre - tree
  • drevabode – wooded area
  • foareste – forest
  • folinde – tree leaf
  • paulme – palm tree
  • tusame – pine
  • chesnèle – oak

Food and drink

  • mongaurde – food and drink
  • mankar – to eat
  • mankaurde – food
  • bevar – to drink
  • bevaurde – drink, beverage
  • chuzar – to cook
  • chuzaine – meal
  • esrole – juice
  • soadạ – soda, soft drink
  • mubrole – milk
  • huyène – egg
  • faloave – bread
  • wistèle – pancake
  • esome – fruit
  • druvène – grape
  • drauvène – raisin
  • sakũrạ – cherry
  • boabule – berry
  • bananạ – banana
  • mawule – pineapple
  • tapaule – apple
  • fazole – bean
  • zelène – vegetable
  • bresike – cabbage
  • mekuane – pumpkin
  • dumèle – honey
  • korzène – spice
  • gustinzeande – seasoning
  • hẽrbe – herb
  • saulte – salt
  • pembrote – pepper

Time

  • maurve – time
  • kloché – clock
  • menkloché – watch
  • klochlezar – to tell time
  • sekite – second
  • minite – minute
  • haurile – hour
  • dième – day
  • ditrieme – daypart
  • froditrieme – morning
  • mẽrkkhième – noon, midday
  • sẽrtthidrieme – afternoon
  • fronochieme – evening
  • nochème – night
  • nouchieme – time of night
  • mẽrkochieme – midnight
  • sẽrtochieme – late night
  • nultochieme – overnight
  • sepème – week
  • sefuinde – weekend
  • masine – month
  • anove – year
  • deyānove – decade
  • sentanove – century
  • kiloganove – millennium
  • maurvarde – era, epoch
  • nodemadu – today
  • nouchadu – tonight
  • vuidemadu – yesterday
  • suidemadu – tomorrow

Transportation

  • poartière – vehicle
  • houbène – highway
  • jalande – road, path, way
  • straude – street
  • lojale – railway
  • mobile – car, automobile
  • bauze – bus
  • kamiāune – truck, lorry
  • segaunde – wagon
  • voaŕineale – airplane
  • lojile – railroad car
  • plova – boat
  • plovarda – ship
  • kanova – canoe

Weapons

  • fusile – gun
  • spafạ – sword
  • tuekeande – spear
  • nabute – club
  • boumerange – boomerang

Given names

Male

  • Adamo – Adam
  • Jauno – John
  • Wilemo – William
  • Mafeulo – Matthew
  • Mărko – Mark
  • Luko – Luke
  • Jaimzo – James
  • Jâkaubo – Jacob
  • Ẹduardo – Edward
  • Robairto – Robert
  • Bobino – Bobby, Bob

Female

  • Anya – Anne, Anna
  • Eliezabefa – Elizabeth
  • Emiliya – Emily
  • Kăita – Kate
  • Mạriya – Mary
  • Judiya – Judy
  • Samanfa – Samantha
  • Sofiya – Sophia, Sophie

Place names

Continents

  • Afrika – Africa
  • Yashoule – Asia
  • Austrailida – Australia
  • Amerika – America
    • NoardAmerika – North America
    • SudAmerika – South America
  • Iroape – Europe
  • Ạntạrtika – Antarctica

Oceans

  • Ạtlạntike – the Atlantic
  • Pasifike – the Pacific
  • Indiloze – the Indian Ocean

Regions

  • Kạribiyène – the Caribbean
  • Ạrtike – the Arctic

Countries

Americas

  • Vespule – United States
  • Kanạida – Canada
  • Mexiko – Mexico
  • Kaustarika – Costa Rica
  • Kŭba – Cuba
  • Jămăika – Jamaica
  • Dauminika – Dominica
  • Kromansule – Barbados
  • Trinidạde nend Tobạigo – Trinidad and Tobago
  • Brasile – Brazil
  • Aujenuzème – Argentina
  • Chilé – Chile

Europe

  • Britèle – United Kingdom, Great Britain
  • Galige – Ireland
  • Franze – France
  • Maunako – Monaco
  • Spagnole – Spain
  • Poartugale – Portugal
  • Alemande – Germany
  • Helvẹte – Switzerland
  • Magyạre – Hungary
  • Italida – Italy
  • Chèke – Czech Republic
  • Slovakida – Slovakia
  • Slovênida – Slovenia
  • Kroâzida – Croatia
  • Dăinmărke – Denmark
  • Suidène – Sweden
  • Suōmé – Finland
  • Noarwâye – Norway
  • Îslande – Iceland
  • Rauźa – Russia
  • Kazakhé – Kazakhstan

Asia

  • Tũrkêye – Turkey
  • Israyèle – Israel
  • SaudozẠraibida – Saudi Arabia
  • Írake – Iraq
  • Fạrzide – Iran
  • Indila – India
  • Pakistane – Pakistan
  • Sinove – China
  • Korieva – Korea
    • NoardKorieva – North Korea
    • SudKorieva – South Korea
  • Nihaune – Japan
  • Filipines – Philippines
  • Mălăive – Malaysia
  • Singapoare – Singapore
  • Indonieza – Indonesia

Africa

  • Êjipte – Egypt
  • Soudane – Sudan
  • Aljerida – Algeria
  • Morauko – Morocco
  • Senegale – Senegal
  • Gana – Ghana
  • Nîjairida – Nigeria
  • Nîjaire – Niger
  • Kameroune – Cameroon
  • NoardKaungo – Congo-Brazzaville
  • SudKaungo – Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Kenya – Kenya
  • Tanzanida – Tanzania
  • Angola – Angola
  • Bautsuana – Botswana
  • SudAfrika – South Africa
  • Magashèle – Madagascar
  • Mauriezabode – Mauritius

Oceania

  • Austrailida – Australia
  • NouƒZêlande – New Zealand
  • Fijine – Fiji
  • VespulSamoava – American Samoa
  • WesoṛSamoava – Samoa

Languages

  • Anglieze – English
  • Galige – Irish
  • Franze – French
  • Spagnole – Spanish
  • Poartugale – Portuguese
  • Alemade – German
  • Italé – Italian
  • Rauźé – Russian
  • Magyạre – Hungarian
  • Suōmé – Finnish
  • Tũrkêye – Turkish
  • Ạraibe – Arabic
  • Hiebrouve – Hebrew
  • Hindinve – Hindi
  • Mandạrine – Mandarin Chinese
  • Nihaune – Japanese
  • Indonieze – Indonesian
  • Suahiline – Swahili
  • Magashèle – Malagasy
  • Guaranive – Guarani
  • Esperlinge – Esperanto
  • Ĭdo – Ido
  • Laujiklinge – Lojban

Expressions

  • Salout – Hello/Hi (there)
  • Salout, maunddhé!Hello, world!
  • Benvenat – Welcome
  • Joaldiēm – Good day
  • Joalfroditriem – Good morning
  • Joalsẽrtthidriem – Good afternoon
  • Joalfronochim – Good evening
  • Joalnochem – Good night
  • Joalleuttüvv – Bye/Goodbye
  • Joaleriv – Good riddance
  • Sẽrtat – Later
  • Benattser?/Benuttser? – How are you (doing)?[1]
  • Benim. – (I'm) fine.
  • Joalausikat. – Sounds good.
  • Naumtenuttser? – What is your name?
  • Naumtenim... – My name is...
  • Aigittsen? – What are you doing?
  • Vittsäuvv? – Where are you going?
  • Soval – Please
  • Dolchat – Thank you
  • Gueforaidat – You're welcome
  • Kroaginealinime ńanguileuzat.My hovercraft is full of eels.

Notes

  1. ^ Literally, "are you well?".
◀ Precision Grammar of Tovasala:
Words and phrases
Sample texts ▶

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