Grammar:Words and phrases
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Grammar of Tovasala: Words and phrases |
|
General vocabulary
Articles
- le/lo/la, les/los/las – the (def.)
- une/uno/una – a/an (indf. sg.)
- unes/unos/unas – some (indf. pl.)
Pronouns
Personal
- mé/mo/ma – I
- mié/mio/mia – me
- més/mos/mas – we
- miés/mios/mias – us
- té/to/ta – you (fam. sg. sbj.)
- tié/tio/tia – you (fam. sg. obj.)
- tés/tos/tas – you (fam. pl. sg.)
- tiés/tios/tias – you (fam. pl. obj.)
- usté/usto/usta – you (frml. sg. sbj.)
- ustié/ustio/ustia – you (frml. sg. obj.)
- ustés/ustos/ustas – you (frml. pl. sbj.)
- ustiés/ustios/ustias – you (frml. pl. obj.)
- lumo – he
- lumio – him
- luma – she
- lumia – her
- lumé – it (sbj.)
- lumié – it (obj.)
- lumés/lumos/lumas – they
- lumiés/lumios/lumias – them
Possessive
- inimi/oanimi/aunimi – my
- insimi/oansimi/aunsimi – our
- initi/oaniti/auniti – your (fam. sg.)
- insiti/oansiti/aunsiti – your (fam. pl.)
- inuti/oanuti/aunuti – your (frml. sg.)
- insuti/oansuti/aunsuti – your (frml. pl.)
- oanili – his
- aunili – her
- inili – its
- insili/oansili/aunsili – their
Indirect
- madé/mado/mada – me
- madés/mados/madas – us
- tadé/tado/tada – you (fam. sg.)
- tadés/tados/tadas – you (fam. pl.)
- ustadé/ustado/ustada – you (frml. sg.)
- ustadés/ustados/ustadas – you (frml. pl.)
- lumado – him
- lumada – her
- lumadé – it
- lumadés/lumados/lumadas – them
Relative/Interrogative
- jesène, kesène – what (sbj.)
- jesenie, kesenie – what (obj.)
- ineaje, ineake – whose (inanim.)
- jiène/jiēno/jiēna, kiène/kieno/kiena – who
- jiēnie/jiēnio/jiēnia, kienie/kienio/kienia – whom
- inweaje/inweajo/inweaja, inweake/inweako/inweaka – whose (anim.)
Demonstrative
- esine/esino/esina – this
- esane/esano/esana – that
- esaune/esauno/esauna – yon
Verbs
- bar – to be, to exist
- var – to go, to travel
- aigar – to do, to act
- inzar – to cause
- orjar – to force (upon an entity)
- tenar – to have, to hold
- zolar – to own, to possess
- obrar – to give
- poadar – to offer, to propose
- dostar – to get, to obtain, to acquire, to fetch
- borgar – to borrow
- borginzar – to lend
- veyar – to see, to watch, to look (at)
- audar – to hear, to listen
- pomar – to smell
- toagar – to touch (active/SVO), to feel (passive/OVS)
- gustar – to taste
- dezar – to say
- addezar – to tell (someone)
- parlar – to speak
- krivar – to cry, to shout
- molitar – to pray
- mujalar – to honour, to praise
- giesmar – to sing
- vieslar – to whistle
- jautar – to ask
- verjautar – to answer, to reply, to respond
- prositar – to beg
- lezar – to read
- skribar – to write
- geplar – to type
- hendar – to walk
- vuelar – to run
- danzar – to dance
- sautar – to jump
- voalar – to fly
- sliedar – to slide
- sliepar – to slip
- slievar – to slither
- plaunjar – to dive
- noagelar – to swim
- streavar – to climb
- äulvvar – to rise, to go up, to ascend
- toambar – to fall
- ulemvar – to descend, to go down, to sink
- rester – to stay
- shimar – to put upon a surface, to place something on
- insmar – to put inside, to insert
- prendar – to take
- poartar – to carry, to bring
- bemar – to buy
- proadar – to sell
- mandar – to send
- aimar – to love, to adore
- odiemar – to hate, to detest
- aubogar – to support, to advocate
- opoamar – to oppose
- vevar – to live, to be alive
- moartar – to die
- nendar – to add
- moinar – to subtract, to take out, to reduce, to decrase, to mitigate
- puemar – to divide, to split
- razar – to multiply, to copy, to duplicate, to imitate
- otrizar – to change, to alter
- erivar – to erase, to delete, to wipe out, to trash
- premar – to start, to begin, to commence
- pauzar – to pause, to stop
- teruzar – to continue, to resume
- fuindar – to finish, to end, to conclude
- aubelar – to cease ([doing] an action) completely
- aisomar – to accomplish, to fulfill
- aistar – to make, to produce
- teremar – to yield
- lanzar – to throw
- doalar – to hurt, to harm, to injure, to damage, to ruin
- verdoalar – to fix, to repair
- yẽrtar – to hit, to beat, to slap, to strike
- taugar – to break
- gontar – to chop
- hildar – to fight
- kuibar – to steal
- stauzar – to hunt, to chase, to pursue, to follow
- paufar – to shoot (at)
- moarzar – to kill, to murder
- moarjar – to execute
- progontar – to persecute, to discriminate
- kastigar – to punish, to scold, to chastise
- lamprar – to lead, to guide
- kuendar – to drive (transportation)
- nimelar – to control
- gomar – to hide, to conceal
- vergomar – to reveal, to expose
- podalar – to stand (up)
- duekar – to sit
- doarmar – to sleep
- hoalmar – to dream
- velmar – to strive, to aspire, to aim for
- lorgar – to look for, to search for, to seek
- trouvar – to find
- sauvar – to save, to rescue, to deliver from
- pogar – to try
- prouvar – to prove, to verify
- houlaumar – to succeed
- houlịmar – to fail
- joalinzar – to improve, to ameliorate
- joalausmar – to improve (by oneself), to get/become better
- malinzar – to worsen (something), to deteriorate (something), to botch up
- malausmar – to worsen (by oneself), to deteriorate (by oneself), to get/become worse
- sabar – to know
- penzar – to think
- chembar – to forget
- verchembar – to remember
- spirar – to breathe
- suflaistar – to blow
- flerar – to cry/shed tears, to weep, to sob
- suigar – to suck (up)
- soustar – to bite
- cholgar – to spit
- puxelar – to vomit, to throw up
- soamar – to make love (to), to copulate (with), to mate (with)
- tuelar – to give birth, to bear children
- puadar – to hug, to embrace
- suavar – to kiss
- luzar – to shine
- zigindar – to shake
- wulobar – to shiver
Adjectives
- joali – good
- mali – bad, evil
- froli – happy, joyful
- triesti – sad, unhappy
- beni – well
- osivi – sick
- broigi – angry
- kruli – cruel
- nultanti – greedy, excessive
- grandi – big, large, huge
- aubimi – small
- mîkroli – tiny
- aulti – high, up
- ulemi – low, down
- proximi – near
- proxami – far
- proxaumi – beyond
- dolshimi – short in distance
- dolshaumi – long in distance
- aulxaumi – tall (in height)
- tueni – full, complete, whole
- aibemi – equal
- oidi, ausiki – similar
- otri - different
- ondi – empty, barren
- hintugi, hantugi – absent
- jouti – sudden, unexpected
- vasiti – deliberate, intentional
- tasivi – accidental
- tezaumi – fast, quick
- tezimi – slow
- foarti – strong
- troafi – weak
- veyondi – blind
- fuostondi – deaf
- hendondi – lame
- vasimi – tired, weary, sleepy
- hugeli – brave, courageous
- foabeuzi – afraid, scared, fearful
- duinzi – right, correct
- zuindi – wrong, incorrect
- voardi – true, genuine
- seudi – false, fake
- grasaumi – fat, thick, dense
- grasimi – lean, thin, meagre, sparse
- joami – pregnant, with child
- houlaumi – successful
- houlịmi – unsuccessful, failed
- velmi – ambitious, aspiring, zealous
- huviti – interested, eager
- vali – worthy
- vervali – worthless, good-for-nothing
Adverbs
- hinadu – here
- hanadu – there
- haunadu – yonder, over there
- -evoir – even, especially
Colours
- roube – red
- blouve – blue
- flauvé – yellow
- rogèle – green
- roubblouve – purple
- flambule – orange
- roubeusmé – pink
- broute – brown
- shoule – white
- noule – black
Family terms
- aumbré – human
- aumbro – man
- aumbra – woman
- èbe – baby, newborn
- ebo/eba – baby boy/girl
- ède – youngster, kid, tyke, lad
- edo – boy
- eda – girl
- eshoande – teenager, adolescent
- eshoando/eshoanda – teenage boy/girl
- eushèle – adult, grownup
- eushelo/eushela – man/woman (of any species)
- elde – old person, elder, senior
- eldo/elda – old man/old lady
- gaunde – relative
- gauntruze – family
- fraule – spouse
- fraulo – husband
- fraula – wife
- riānte – parent
- riānto – father, dad
- riānta – mother, mom
- tepriānte – grandparent
- tepriānto – grandfather, granddad
- tepriānta – grandmother, grandma
- odré – child, offspring, progeny
- odro – son
- odra - daughter
- siblé – sibling
- siblo – brother
- sibla – sister
- siblodré – nibling
- siblodro – nephew
- siblodra – niece
- riāblé – parent's sibling
- riāblo/riābla – aunt/uncle
- riābore – cousin
- riāblodro/riāblodra – male/female cousin
- fraulriānte – parent-in-law
- fraulriānto – father-in-law
- fraulriānta – mother-in-law
- fraunnsiblé – sibling-in-law
- fraunnsiblo – brother-in-law
- fraunnsibla – sister-in-law
- tiōle/tiōlo/tiōla – friend
- duertiōle – significant other
- duertiōlo – boyfriend
- duertiōla – girlfriend
Body parts
- tũrgene – body
- yovèle – bone
- gorane – blood
- nũrite - nerve
- mausèle – muscle
- urupe – organ
- kuarbe – skin
- tuede – head
- toloƒtuede – forehead
- kromèle – beard
- veyrupe – eye
- pomrupe – nose
- luvande – neck
- trakèle – throat
- fuairupe – ear
- mankrupe – mouth
- sourupe – tooth
- geurupe – tongue
- suavrupe – lip
- foaraxe – chest
- mubré – bosom, mammae
- mindrạ – navel
- staumake – stomach, belly, tummy
- jurèke – heart
- peumaune – lungs
- peumaune – liver
- volote – back
- voaleande – wing (of a bird or bat)
- jasène – arm, limb
- guvote – elbow
- spạdange – shoulder
- mène – hand
- troade – leg
- aulttroade – thigh
- gaskote – calf
- jenoule – knee
- chevile – ankle
- kuode – foot
- hiele – heel
- jirite – digit
- menjirite – finger
- kuodjirite – toe
- trèpe – tail (of an animal)
- muge – bottom
- kale – excrement
Natural world
Entities
- Tairoke – nature, ecosystem
- Taire – Earth
- Solé – the Sune
- Loune – the Moon
- zièle – sky
- laufe – air
- lausaire – atmosphere
- astrèle – star
- hîdrole – water
- brulière – fire
- fumé – smoke
- holège – shadow
- humine – ground, soil
- toapé – stone
- saiblé – sand
- brullesmé – lava
Landforms
- poaldère – polder
- rovine – plain
- aultrovine – plateau
- lofé – hill
- lofarde – mountain
- vaulkène – volcano
- falaife – cliff
Weather
- framzère – weather
- vepaumi – hot
- vepimi – cold
- vepami – warm
- suflé – wind
- kamège – storm
- trumèle – thunder
- trumelluze – lightning
- sîgloane – tropical cyclone, hurricane, typhoon)
- ziēlvoraune – tornado, twister
- pleuve – rain
- pleuvète – shower
- tuarène – fog
- nivinde – snow
- donyaidète – frost
- hoagèle – hail
- onikkũrve – rainbow
Living things
Animals
- zouvère – animal
- tuere – creature
- tuerède – cub, whelp (of mammals); chick (of birds)
Mammals
- mubriftuere – mammal
- nâye – dog
- loupe – wolf
- vaulpé – fox
- zẽrde – fennec
- dingonte – dingo
- nèke – cat
- simbale – lion
- tigère – tiger
- dumale – cheetah
- balame – jaguar
- youlande – genet
- rodente – rodent
- tuebe – mouse
- duaile – rat
- krisèle – hamster
- poargé – guinea pig
- prauskũre – squirrel
- voalprauskũre – flying squirrel
- jidale – chipmunk
- sinome – prairie dog
- aurvikole – water vole
- herisone – hedgehog
- hustrike – porcupine
- sorèxe – shrew
- kloaspé – skunk
- bausone – badger
- gulove – wolverine
- dubime – bear
- chusèle – panda
- laprène – rabbit
- gulèpe – hare
- sibande – raccoon
- loutré – otter
- mostèle – weasel
- miegale – ferret
- boavé – cattle
- boavo – bull
- boava – cow
- bufale – buffalo
- kabrite – goat
- ovile – sheep
- puerché – pig, swine
- chirote – bat
- hafile – elephant
- protève – primate
- simiane – monkey
- pifike – ape
- chimpanzê – chimpanzee
- orangutane – orangutan
- kangaroune – kangaroo
- waularoune – wallaroo
- waulabine – wallaby
- makrote – bilby
- kuokale – quokka
- koale – koala
- manikoule – North American opossum
- diluge – Australian possum
- yagule – bandicoot
- daurumbé – kangaroo rat
Birds
- noave – bird
- poale – chicken
- koulombe – dove
- pijaune – pigeon
- hiraunde – swallow
- jaurike – pelican
- signé – swan
- koarvé – crow
- soroké – magpie
- aguile – eagle
- kurule – crane
- blouvnoave – bluebird
- noulnoave – blackbird
- lipsnèle – robin
- ordèke – duck
- nẽrlèke – goose
- murove – ostrich
- gourane – curlew
- miōure – emu
- choike – rhea
- kiwine – kiwi
- kasuāire – cassowary
- kaukạtọuve – cockatoo
- suarive – parrot
- baujerigé – budgerigar
Fishes
- vueme – fish
- chafoine – sardine
- pajaule – shark
- joroune – tuna
- penfrèle – cod
Reptiles
- reptile – reptile, scalie
- nakauze – snake
- lusẽrte – lizard
- gekone – gecko
- lieguané – iguana
Invertebrates
- zuzelke – insect
- pagite – larva
- mouché – housefly
- chitime – mosquito
- lapale – louse
- chapoale – grasshopper
- maŕchapoale – locust
- sënkkuode – centipede
- kilökkuode – millipede
- pilipale – butterfly
- pilipagite – caterpillar
- eskargé – snail
- lesmé – slug
- magère – spider
- liōngote – scorpion
Plants
- plante – plant
- poazène – grass
- flũre – flower
- tovale – weed
- yeronbe – currant
- wũrite – peppermint
Trees
- aibũre - tree
- drevabode – wooded area
- foareste – forest
- folinde – tree leaf
- paulme – palm tree
- tusame – pine
- chesnèle – oak
Food and drink
- mongaurde – food and drink
- mankar – to eat
- mankaurde – food
- bevar – to drink
- bevaurde – drink, beverage
- chuzar – to cook
- chuzaine – meal
- esrole – juice
- soadạ – soda, soft drink
- mubrole – milk
- huyène – egg
- faloave – bread
- wistèle – pancake
- esome – fruit
- druvène – grape
- drauvène – raisin
- sakũrạ – cherry
- boabule – berry
- bananạ – banana
- mawule – pineapple
- tapaule – apple
- fazole – bean
- zelène – vegetable
- bresike – cabbage
- mekuane – pumpkin
- dumèle – honey
- korzène – spice
- gustinzeande – seasoning
- hẽrbe – herb
- saulte – salt
- pembrote – pepper
Time
- maurve – time
- kloché – clock
- menkloché – watch
- klochlezar – to tell time
- sekite – second
- minite – minute
- haurile – hour
- dième – day
- ditrieme – daypart
- froditrieme – morning
- mẽrkkhième – noon, midday
- sẽrtthidrieme – afternoon
- fronochieme – evening
- nochème – night
- nouchieme – time of night
- mẽrkochieme – midnight
- sẽrtochieme – late night
- nultochieme – overnight
- sepème – week
- sefuinde – weekend
- masine – month
- anove – year
- deyānove – decade
- sentanove – century
- kiloganove – millennium
- maurvarde – era, epoch
- nodemadu – today
- nouchadu – tonight
- vuidemadu – yesterday
- suidemadu – tomorrow
Transportation
- poartière – vehicle
- houbène – highway
- jalande – road, path, way
- straude – street
- lojale – railway
- mobile – car, automobile
- bauze – bus
- kamiāune – truck, lorry
- segaunde – wagon
- voaŕineale – airplane
- lojile – railroad car
- plova – boat
- plovarda – ship
- kanova – canoe
Weapons
- fusile – gun
- spafạ – sword
- tuekeande – spear
- nabute – club
- boumerange – boomerang
Given names
Male
- Adamo – Adam
- Jauno – John
- Wilemo – William
- Mafeulo – Matthew
- Mărko – Mark
- Luko – Luke
- Jaimzo – James
- Jâkaubo – Jacob
- Ẹduardo – Edward
- Robairto – Robert
- Bobino – Bobby, Bob
Female
- Anya – Anne, Anna
- Eliezabefa – Elizabeth
- Emiliya – Emily
- Kăita – Kate
- Mạriya – Mary
- Judiya – Judy
- Samanfa – Samantha
- Sofiya – Sophia, Sophie
Place names
Continents
- Afrika – Africa
- Yashoule – Asia
- Austrailida – Australia
- Amerika – America
- NoardAmerika – North America
- SudAmerika – South America
- Iroape – Europe
- Ạntạrtika – Antarctica
Oceans
- Ạtlạntike – the Atlantic
- Pasifike – the Pacific
- Indiloze – the Indian Ocean
Regions
- Kạribiyène – the Caribbean
- Ạrtike – the Arctic
Countries
Americas
- Vespule – United States
- Kanạida – Canada
- Mexiko – Mexico
- Kaustarika – Costa Rica
- Kŭba – Cuba
- Jămăika – Jamaica
- Dauminika – Dominica
- Kromansule – Barbados
- Trinidạde nend Tobạigo – Trinidad and Tobago
- Brasile – Brazil
- Aujenuzème – Argentina
- Chilé – Chile
Europe
- Britèle – United Kingdom, Great Britain
- Galige – Ireland
- Franze – France
- Maunako – Monaco
- Spagnole – Spain
- Poartugale – Portugal
- Alemande – Germany
- Helvẹte – Switzerland
- Magyạre – Hungary
- Italida – Italy
- Chèke – Czech Republic
- Slovakida – Slovakia
- Slovênida – Slovenia
- Kroâzida – Croatia
- Dăinmărke – Denmark
- Suidène – Sweden
- Suōmé – Finland
- Noarwâye – Norway
- Îslande – Iceland
- Rauźa – Russia
- Kazakhé – Kazakhstan
Asia
- Tũrkêye – Turkey
- Israyèle – Israel
- SaudozẠraibida – Saudi Arabia
- Írake – Iraq
- Fạrzide – Iran
- Indila – India
- Pakistane – Pakistan
- Sinove – China
- Korieva – Korea
- NoardKorieva – North Korea
- SudKorieva – South Korea
- Nihaune – Japan
- Filipines – Philippines
- Mălăive – Malaysia
- Singapoare – Singapore
- Indonieza – Indonesia
Africa
- Êjipte – Egypt
- Soudane – Sudan
- Aljerida – Algeria
- Morauko – Morocco
- Senegale – Senegal
- Gana – Ghana
- Nîjairida – Nigeria
- Nîjaire – Niger
- Kameroune – Cameroon
- NoardKaungo – Congo-Brazzaville
- SudKaungo – Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Kenya – Kenya
- Tanzanida – Tanzania
- Angola – Angola
- Bautsuana – Botswana
- SudAfrika – South Africa
- Magashèle – Madagascar
- Mauriezabode – Mauritius
Oceania
- Austrailida – Australia
- NouƒZêlande – New Zealand
- Fijine – Fiji
- VespulSamoava – American Samoa
- WesoṛSamoava – Samoa
Languages
- Anglieze – English
- Galige – Irish
- Franze – French
- Spagnole – Spanish
- Poartugale – Portuguese
- Alemade – German
- Italé – Italian
- Rauźé – Russian
- Magyạre – Hungarian
- Suōmé – Finnish
- Tũrkêye – Turkish
- Ạraibe – Arabic
- Hiebrouve – Hebrew
- Hindinve – Hindi
- Mandạrine – Mandarin Chinese
- Nihaune – Japanese
- Indonieze – Indonesian
- Suahiline – Swahili
- Magashèle – Malagasy
- Guaranive – Guarani
- Esperlinge – Esperanto
- Ĭdo – Ido
- Laujiklinge – Lojban
Expressions
- Salout – Hello/Hi (there)
- Salout, maunddhé! – Hello, world!
- Benvenat – Welcome
- Joaldiēm – Good day
- Joalfroditriem – Good morning
- Joalsẽrtthidriem – Good afternoon
- Joalfronochim – Good evening
- Joalnochem – Good night
- Joalleuttüvv – Bye/Goodbye
- Joaleriv – Good riddance
- Sẽrtat – Later
- Benattser?/Benuttser? – How are you (doing)?[1]
- Benim. – (I'm) fine.
- Joalausikat. – Sounds good.
- Naumtenuttser? – What is your name?
- Naumtenim... – My name is...
- Aigittsen? – What are you doing?
- Vittsäuvv? – Where are you going?
- Soval – Please
- Dolchat – Thank you
- Gueforaidat – You're welcome
- Kroaginealinime ńanguileuzat. – My hovercraft is full of eels.
Notes
- ^ Literally, "are you well?".
Grammar of Tovasala: Words and phrases |