Morpheme:toshoul
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toshoul- (Core Base root) (Free morpheme) (Pattern R2/1b i)
Meaning: spray
(Gloss: spray)
Etymology: From Navajo tózhool.
Morpheme length: 7 (H L O O S T U) • Number of morphemes: 1
Letter pattern: CVCVC • IPA: /to.ʃʊl/ • Syllables: 2 (to•shoul)
Default word class: Verb
Before | After | ||
---|---|---|---|
d | j | All other morphemes | |
Morphemes with l as second or later letter | dhoshouŕ | jhoshouŕ | toshouŕ |
ui* | dhoshoulb | jhoshoulb | toshoulb |
All other morphemes | dhoshoul | jhoshoul | toshoul |
Verb (2a) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominal forms | |||||||
Infinitive | |||||||
Active | Passive | ||||||
toshoular | toshoulaidar | ||||||
Negative Active | Negative Passive | ||||||
naŕtoshoular | naŕtoshoulaidar | ||||||
Perfect | Passive Perfect | ||||||
toshoulavar | toshoulaidavar | ||||||
Progressive | Passive Progressive | ||||||
toshoulantar | toshoulaidantar | ||||||
Progressive Perfect | |||||||
toshoulantavar | |||||||
Continuative | Passive Continuative | ||||||
toshoulasantar | toshoulaidasantar | ||||||
Prospective | Passive Prospective | ||||||
toshoulaijar | toshoulaidaijar | ||||||
Potential | Passive Potential | ||||||
toshouŕabilar | toshouŕaibilar | ||||||
Frequentative | Dubitative | Proximal | |||||
toshoulouhaumar | toshouŕeselar | toshoulupotar | |||||
Inchoative | Completive | Cessative | |||||
toshouŕaubilar | toshoulaisomar | toshouŕaubelar | |||||
Volitive | Desiderative | Necessitative | |||||
souŕtoshoular | vouŕtoshoular | bouŕtoshoular | |||||
Imperative | Cohortative | Prohibitive | |||||
toshoulait! | toshoullirait! | naŕtoshoulait! | |||||
Gerundive | Supine | ||||||
toshoulaiddire, toshoulaiddiri | toshoulaurdar | ||||||
Resultative | Verbal Noun | ||||||
toshoulaine | toshoulé | ||||||
Participles | |||||||
Present | Past | ||||||
toshoulant- | toshoulaid- |
Positive | |||
---|---|---|---|
Person | Number | ||
SG | DU | PL | |
1I | toshoulim | toshoulisivim | toshoulisim |
1E | toshoulisiveum | toshouliseum | |
2F | toshoulit | toshoulisivit | toshoulisit |
2H | toshoulut | toshoulisivut | toshoulisut |
3 | toshoulat | toshoulisivat | toshoulisat |
4S | toshouŕealb | toshouŕisivealb | toshouŕisealb |
4O | toshouŕealbem | toshouŕisivealbem | toshouŕisealbem |
INT | toshouleak | toshoulisiveak | toshouliseak |
INT.PRSNL | toshouleank | toshoulisiveank | toshouliseank |
REL | toshouleaj | toshoulisiveaj | toshouliseaj |
REL.PRSNL | toshouleanj | toshoulisiveanj | toshouliseanj |
Tense | Stem | ||
PST.REC | toshoullurip- | ||
PST | toshoullur- | ||
PST.DISC | toshoullurel- | ||
PST.DST | toshoullureng- | ||
FUT | toshoullir- | ||
FUT.PST | toshoulluvir- |
Negative | |||
---|---|---|---|
Person | Number | ||
SG | DU | PL | |
1I | naŕtoshoulim | naŕtoshoulisivim | naŕtoshoulisim |
1E | naŕtoshoulisiveum | naŕtoshouliseum | |
2F | naŕtoshoulit | naŕtoshoulisivit | naŕtoshoulisit |
2H | naŕtoshoulut | naŕtoshoulisivut | naŕtoshoulisut |
3 | naŕtoshoulat | naŕtoshoulisivat | naŕtoshoulisat |
4S | naŕtoshouŕealb | naŕtoshouŕisivealb | naŕtoshouŕisealb |
4O | naŕtoshouŕealbem | naŕtoshouŕisivealbem | naŕtoshouŕisealbem |
INT | naŕtoshouleak | naŕtoshoulisiveak | naŕtoshouliseak |
INT.PRSNL | naŕtoshouleank | naŕtoshoulisiveank | naŕtoshouliseank |
REL | naŕtoshouleaj | naŕtoshoulisiveaj | naŕtoshouliseaj |
REL.PRSNL | naŕtoshouleanj | naŕtoshoulisiveanj | naŕtoshouliseanj |
Tense | Stem | ||
PST.REC | naŕtoshoullurip- | ||
PST | naŕtoshoullur- | ||
PST.DISC | naŕtoshoullurel- | ||
PST.DST | naŕtoshoullureng- | ||
FUT | naŕtoshoullir- | ||
FUT.PST | naŕtoshoulluvir- |
Interrogative | |||
---|---|---|---|
Person | Number | ||
SG | DU | PL | |
1I | toshoulimmser? | toshoulisivimmser? | toshoulisimmser? |
1E | toshoulisiveummser? | toshouliseummser? | |
2F | toshoulittser? | toshoulisivittser? | toshoulisittser? |
2H | toshouluttser? | toshoulisivuttser? | toshoulisuttser? |
3 | toshoulattser? | toshoulisivattser? | toshoulisattser? |
4S | toshouŕealbbser? | toshouŕisivealbbser? | toshouŕisealbbser? |
4O | toshouŕealbemmser? | toshouŕisivealbemmser? | toshouŕisealbemmser? |
INT | toshouleak | toshoulisiveak | toshouliseak |
INT.PRSNL | toshouleank | toshoulisiveank | toshouliseank |
REL | toshouleaj | toshoulisiveaj | toshouliseaj |
REL.PRSNL | toshouleanj | toshoulisiveanj | toshouliseanj |
Tense | Third-person forms | ||
PST.REC | toshoulluripattser? | ||
PST | toshoullurattser? | ||
PST.DISC | toshoullurelattser? | ||
PST.DST | toshoullurengattser? | ||
FUT | toshoullirattser? | ||
FUT.PST | toshoulluvirattser? |
Perfect | |||
---|---|---|---|
Person | Number | ||
SG | DU | PL | |
1I | toshoulavim | toshoulavisivim | toshoulavisim |
1E | toshoulavisiveum | toshoulaviseum | |
2F | toshoulavit | toshoulavisivit | toshoulavisit |
2H | toshoulavut | toshoulavisivut | toshoulavisut |
3 | toshoulavat | toshoulavisivat | toshoulavisat |
4S | toshoulavealb | toshoulavisivealb | toshoulavisealb |
4O | toshoulavealbem | toshoulavisivealbem | toshoulavisealbem |
INT | toshoulaveak | toshoulavisiveak | toshoulaviseak |
INT.PRSNL | toshoulaveank | toshoulavisiveank | toshoulaviseank |
REL | toshoulaveaj | toshoulavisiveaj | toshoulaviseaj |
REL.PRSNL | toshoulaveanj | toshoulavisiveanj | toshoulaviseanj |
Tense | Stem | ||
PST.REC | toshoulavlurip- | ||
PST | toshoulavlur- | ||
PST.DISC | toshoulavlurel- | ||
PST.DST | toshoulavlureng- | ||
FUT | toshoulavlir- | ||
FUT.PST | toshoulavluvir- |
Progressive | |||
---|---|---|---|
Person | Number | ||
SG | DU | PL | |
1I | toshoulantim | toshoulisivantim | toshoulisantim |
1E | toshoulisivanteum | toshoulisanteum | |
2F | toshoulantot | toshoulisivantot | toshoulisantot |
2H | toshoulantut | toshoulisivantut | toshoulisantut |
3 | toshoulant | toshoulisivant | toshoulisant |
4S | toshoulantealb | toshoulisivantealb | toshoulisantealb |
4O | toshoulantealbem | toshoulisivantealbem | toshoulisantealbem |
INT | toshoulanteak | toshoulisivanteak | toshoulisanteak |
INT.PRSNL | toshoulanteank | toshoulisivanteank | toshoulisanteank |
REL | toshoulanteaj | toshoulisivanteaj | toshoulisanteaj |
REL.PRSNL | toshoulanteanj | toshoulisivanteanj | toshoulisanteanj |
Tense | Stem | ||
PST.REC | toshoulantturip- | ||
PST | toshoulanttur- | ||
PST.DISC | toshoulantturel- | ||
PST.DST | toshoulanttureng- | ||
FUT | toshoulanttir- | ||
FUT.PST | toshoulanttuvir- |
Conditional/Subjunctive | |||
---|---|---|---|
Person | Number | ||
SG | DU | PL | |
1I | toshoulaikim | toshoulisivaikim | toshoulisaikim |
1E | toshoulisivaikeum | toshoulisaikeum | |
2F | toshoulaikit | toshoulisivaikit | toshoulisaikit |
2H | toshoulaikut | toshoulisivaikut | toshoulisaikut |
3 | toshoulaik | toshoulisivaik | toshoulisaik |
4S | toshoulaikealb | toshoulisivaikealb | toshoulisaikealb |
4O | toshoulaikealbem | toshoulisivaikealbem | toshoulisaikealbem |
INT | toshoulaikeak | toshoulisivaikeak | toshoulisaikeak |
INT.PRSNL | toshoulaikeank | toshoulisivaikeank | toshoulisaikeank |
REL | toshoulaikeaj | toshoulisivaikeaj | toshoulisaikeaj |
REL.PRSNL | toshoulaikeanj | toshoulisivaikeanj | toshoulisaikeanj |
Tense | Stem | ||
PST.REC | toshoulaiklurip- | ||
PST | toshoulaiklur- | ||
PST.DISC | toshoulaiklurel- | ||
PST.DST | toshoulaiklureng- | ||
FUT | toshoulaiklir- | ||
FUT.PST | toshoulaikluvir- |
Passive | |||
---|---|---|---|
Person | Number | ||
SG | DU | PL | |
1I | toshoulaidim | toshoulaidisivim | toshoulaidisim |
1E | toshoulaidisiveum | toshoulaidiseum | |
2F | toshoulaidit | toshoulaidisivit | toshoulaidisit |
2H | toshoulaidut | toshoulaidisivut | toshoulaidisut |
3 | toshoulaidat | toshoulaidisivat | toshoulaidisat |
4S | toshoulaidealb | toshoulaidisivealb | toshoulaidisealb |
4O | toshoulaidealbem | toshoulaidisivealbem | toshoulaidisealbem |
INT | toshoulaideak | toshoulaidisiveak | toshoulaidiseak |
INT.PRSNL | toshoulaideank | toshoulaidisiveank | toshoulaidiseank |
REL | toshoulaideaj | toshoulaidisiveaj | toshoulaidiseaj |
REL.PRSNL | toshoulaideanj | toshoulaidisiveanj | toshoulaidiseanj |
Tense | Stem | ||
PST.REC | toshoulaiddurip- | ||
PST | toshoulaiddur- | ||
PST.DISC | toshoulaiddurel- | ||
PST.DST | toshoulaiddureng- | ||
FUT | toshoulaiddir- | ||
FUT.PST | toshoulaidduvir- |
Passive Interrogative | |||
---|---|---|---|
Person | Number | ||
SG | DU | PL | |
1I | toshoulaidimmser? | toshoulaidisivimmser? | toshoulaidisimmser? |
1E | toshoulaidisiveummser? | toshoulaidiseummser? | |
2F | toshoulaidittser? | toshoulaidisivittser? | toshoulaidisittser? |
2H | toshoulaiduttser? | toshoulaidisivuttser? | toshoulaidisuttser? |
3 | toshoulaidattser? | toshoulaidisivattser? | toshoulaidisattser? |
4S | toshoulaidealbbser? | toshoulaidisivealbbser? | toshoulaidisealbbser? |
4O | toshoulaidealbemmser? | toshoulaidisivealbemmser? | toshoulaidisealbemmser? |
INT | toshoulaideak | toshoulaidisiveak | toshoulaidiseak |
INT.PRSNL | toshoulaideank | toshoulaidisiveank | toshoulaidiseank |
REL | toshoulaideaj | toshoulaidisiveaj | toshoulaidiseaj |
REL.PRSNL | toshoulaideanj | toshoulaidisiveanj | toshoulaidiseanj |
Tense | Third-person forms | ||
PST.REC | toshoulaidduripattser? | ||
PST | toshoulaiddurattser? | ||
PST.DISC | toshoulaiddurelattser? | ||
PST.DST | toshoulaiddurengattser? | ||
FUT | toshoulaiddirattser? | ||
FUT.PST | toshoulaidduvirattser? |
Passive Perfect | |||
---|---|---|---|
Person | Number | ||
SG | DU | PL | |
1I | toshoulaidavim | toshoulaidavisivim | toshoulaidavisim |
1E | toshoulaidavisiveum | toshoulaidaviseum | |
2F | toshoulaidavit | toshoulaidavisivit | toshoulaidavisit |
2H | toshoulaidavut | toshoulaidavisivut | toshoulaidavisut |
3 | toshoulaidavat | toshoulaidavisivat | toshoulaidavisat |
4S | toshoulaidavealb | toshoulaidavisivealb | toshoulaidavisealb |
4O | toshoulaidavealbem | toshoulaidavisivealbem | toshoulaidavisealbem |
INT | toshoulaidaveak | toshoulaidavisiveak | toshoulaidaviseak |
INT.PRSNL | toshoulaidaveank | toshoulaidavisiveank | toshoulaidaviseank |
REL | toshoulaidaveaj | toshoulaidavisiveaj | toshoulaidaviseaj |
REL.PRSNL | toshoulaidaveanj | toshoulaidavisiveanj | toshoulaidaviseanj |
Tense | Stem | ||
PST.REC | toshoulaidavlurip- | ||
PST | toshoulaidavlur- | ||
PST.DISC | toshoulaidavlurel- | ||
PST.DST | toshoulaidavlureng- | ||
FUT | toshoulaidavlir- | ||
FUT.PST | toshoulaidavluvir- |
Passive Conditional/Subjunctive | |||
---|---|---|---|
Person | Number | ||
SG | DU | PL | |
1I | toshoulaidaikim | toshoulaidisivaikim | toshoulaidisaikim |
1E | toshoulaidisivaikeum | toshoulaidisaikeum | |
2F | toshoulaidaikit | toshoulaidisivaikit | toshoulaidisaikit |
2H | toshoulaidaikut | toshoulaidisivaikut | toshoulaidisaikut |
3 | toshoulaidaik | toshoulaidisivaik | toshoulaidisaik |
4S | toshoulaidaikealb | toshoulaidisivaikealb | toshoulaidisaikealb |
4O | toshoulaidaikealbem | toshoulaidisivaikealbem | toshoulaidisaikealbem |
INT | toshoulaidaikeak | toshoulaidisivaikeak | toshoulaidisaikeak |
INT.PRSNL | toshoulaidaikeank | toshoulaidisivaikeank | toshoulaidisaikeank |
REL | toshoulaidaikeaj | toshoulaidisivaikeaj | toshoulaidisaikeaj |
REL.PRSNL | toshoulaidaikeanj | toshoulaidisivaikeanj | toshoulaidisaikeanj |
Tense | Stem | ||
PST.REC | toshoulaidaiklurip- | ||
PST | toshoulaidaiklur- | ||
PST.DISC | toshoulaidaiklurel- | ||
PST.DST | toshoulaidaiklureng- | ||
FUT | toshoulaidaiklir- | ||
FUT.PST | toshoulaidaikluvir- |
Noun (Nonsentient) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Category | ♂ Masculine | ♀ Feminine | ⚲ Neuter | ||
Regular | |||||
Singular | — | — | toshoule | ||
Dual | — | — | toshoulouse | ||
Plural | — | — | toshoules | ||
Articulated | |||||
Definite | Singular | — | — | toshoullé | |
Dual | — | — | toshoulouslé | ||
Plural | — | — | toshoullés | ||
Indefinite | Singular | — | — | toshoulune | |
Plural | — | — | toshoulunes | ||
Complex | |||||
Singular | — | — | toshoul- | ||
Dual | — | — | toshoulouz- toshoulöub- | ||
Plural | — | — | toshoulpuez- toshoulpüeb- |
Size | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diminutive | Singular | — | — | toshoulète | |
Dual | — | — | toshouletouse | ||
Plural | — | — | toshoulètes | ||
Medial | Singular | — | — | toshouleade | |
Dual | — | — | toshouleadouse | ||
Plural | — | — | toshouleades | ||
Augmentative | Singular | — | — | toshoularde | |
Dual | — | — | toshoulardouse | ||
Plural | — | — | toshoulardes |
Case (Tuisèle) |
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Forms | ||||
Absolutive (abs) | Subject | toshoule | toshoulouse | toshoules |
Topic | toshouleune | toshoulouseune | toshouleunes | |
Ergative (erg) | toshouliebe | toshoulousiebe | toshouliebes | |
Appositive (app) | toshoulerije | toshoulouserije | toshoulerijes | |
Dative (dat) | toshoulade | toshoulousade | toshoulades | |
Partitive (part) | toshoulunète | toshoulousunète | toshoulunètes | |
Vocative (voc) | Familiar | toshoulté | toshoulousté | toshoultés |
Formal | toshoulusté | toshoulöubusté | toshoulustés | |
Stems | ||||
Relational | ||||
Locative (loc) | toshoulad- | toshoulouzad- | toshoulpuezad- | |
Genitive (gen) | Inalienable | toshouloz- | toshoulöuboz- | toshoulpüeboz- |
Alienable | toshoulorz- | toshoulöuborz- | toshoulpüeborz- | |
Proprietive (prop) | Inalienable | toshouŕzol- | toshoulouzzol- | toshoulpuezzol- |
Alienable | toshoulten- | toshoulouśten- | toshoulpueśten- | |
Associative | ||||
Instrumental/Vialis (instr/via) | toshoulemek- | toshoulouzemek- | toshoulpuezemek- | |
Utilitive (util) | toshoulaurd- | toshoulouzaurd- | toshoulpuezaurd- | |
Comitative (com) | toshoulaseb- | toshoulöutaseb- | toshoulpüetaseb- | |
Conjunctive (cnj) | toshoulauvek- | toshoulouzauvek- | toshoulpuezauvek- | |
Spatial | ||||
Originative (ogn) | toshouŕesil- | toshoulöubesil- | toshoulpüebesil- | |
Terminative (term) | Temporal | toshouluskem- | toshoulöubuskem- | toshoulpüebuskem- |
Spatial | toshouläffuind- | toshoulouzäffuind- | toshoulpuezäffuind- | |
Lative (lat) | toshoulaup- | toshoulouzaup- | toshoulpuezaup- | |
Allative (all) | toshouläuvv- | toshoulouzäuvv- | toshoulpuezäuvv- | |
Inessive (ine) | toshoulint- | toshoulouzint- | toshoulpuezint- | |
Illative (ill) | toshoulïnvv- | toshoulouzïnvv- | toshoulpuezïnvv- | |
Exessive (exe) | toshoultug- | toshoulouśtug- | toshoulpueśtug- | |
Elative (ela) | toshoultüvv- | toshoulouśtüvv- | toshoulpueśtüvv- | |
Adessive (ade) | toshouliāk- | toshoulouziāk- | toshoulpueziāk- | |
Apudessive (apud) | toshoulproxim- | toshoulouśproxim- | toshoulpueśproxim- | |
Altessive (alt) | toshouŕault- | toshoulouzault- | toshoulpuezault- | |
Subessive (sube) | toshouŕulem- | toshoulouzulem- | toshoulpuezulem- | |
Chronological | ||||
Precursive (pcv) | toshoulprev- | toshoulouśprev- | toshoulpueśprev- | |
Postcursive (pos) | toshoulaprev- | toshoulouzaprev- | toshoulpuezaprev- | |
Temporal (temp) | toshoulwob- | toshoulouzwob- | toshoulpuezwob- | |
Limitative (lmt) | toshoulmaurad- | toshoulouśmaurad- | toshoulpueśmaurad- | |
Quantitative | ||||
Abessive (abe) | toshoulond- | toshoulouzond- | toshoulpuezond- | |
Distributive (dist) | toshoulaivad- | toshoulouzaivad- | toshoulpuezaivad- | |
Qualitative | ||||
Propositive (pro) | toshoulaubog- | toshoulouzaubog- | toshoulpuezaubog- | |
Oppositive (opp/anti) | toshoulopoam- | toshoulouzopoam- | toshoulpuezopoam- | |
Contrastive (crs) | toshouŕpotal- | toshoulouśpotal- | toshoulpueśpotal- | |
Essive (ess) | toshoulnand- | toshoulouśnand- | toshoulpueśnand- | |
Translative (trsl) | toshouliz- | toshoulöubiz- | toshoulpüebiz- | |
Semblative/Formal (sembl/form) | toshouloid- | toshoulouzoid- | toshoulpuezoid- | |
Similative (simil) | toshoulausik- | toshoulöubausik- | toshoulpüebausik- | |
Identical (idt) | toshoulaibem- | toshoulouzaibem- | toshoulpuezaibem- | |
Comparative/Equative (cmpr/equ) | toshoulkuem- | toshoulouśkuem- | toshoulpueśkuem- | |
Referential (ref) | toshoulprin- | toshoulouśprin- | toshoulpueśprin- | |
Note: Not all case endings may apply to this root. As such, some or most forms shown above may be hypothetical. |
Added on: 2022-03-08, 22:08 • View semantic data